Goal-directed arm movements performed in the standing position potentially disturb the body's equilibrium as a result of the multi-linked structure of the musculoskeletal system. To compensate for these disturbances and ensure that stability is maintained, the central nervous system (CNS)…

Virtually every interaction in life involves trust, i.e., the notion that we believe that another person will honor an agreement. Indeed, it would be impossible to formally enforce all but a fraction of agreements within relationships we have in everyday…

Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (mTBI) and concussions are complex injuries with high incidence rates in children and adolescents. There currently exists no 'gold standard' for the diagnosis of concussions, and detection and monitoring are made challenging by highly variable clinical…

Neurons in sensory areas of our nervous system respond to sensory stimuli, but they are also modulated at the same time by both feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms. The history of prior sensory stimulation shapes the way neurons respond to future…

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system of young adults. Although an uncommon disease in children, recent research has examined the effect of this disease upon a younger demographic group. This…

The Rab superfamily of small GTPases coordinates essentially every step of vesicle trafficking starting from vesicle formation, followed by transport and eventually fusion with the target membrane. Rab proteins are able to regulate such a large range of functions by…

Opioid and α2-adrenergic receptor (α2AR) ligands are both analgesic when administered spinally and show a clinically beneficial synergistic interaction in the treatment of pain when co-administered. The µ- and δ-opioid receptors (MOR and DOR respectively) and the α2AARs have been…