| Título: | The Porphyrins, Origin of Life in Biological Universe and Evolution/Regulation of the Human System |
| Autores: |
Kurup, Ravikumar A.; The Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, TC 4/1525, Gouri Sadan,
Kattu Road, North of Cliff House, Kowdiar PO, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Kurup, Parameswara Achutha; The Metabolic Disorders Research Centre, TC 4/1525, Gouri Sadan, Kattu Road, North of Cliff House, Kowdiar PO, Trivandrum, Kerala, India. |
| Fecha: | 2012-06-30 |
| Publicador: | Advances in Natural Science |
| Fuente: |
 |
| Tipo: |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article |
| Tema: |
Actinide; Archaea; Porphyrins; GABA shunt; Peripheral Benzodiazepine receptor; Delta aminolevulinic acid |
| Descripción: | Objectives: Actinidic archaea have been related to thepathogenesis of schizophrenia, malignancy, metabolicsyndrome x, autoimmune disease and neuronaldegeneration. An actinide dependent shadow biosphere ofarchaea and viroids in the above mentioned disease statesis described. Actinidic archaea have a mevalonate pathwayand are cholesterol catabolizing. They can use cholesterolas a carbon and energy source. Archaeal cholesterolcatabolism can generate porphyrins via the cholesterolring oxidase generated pyruvate and GABA shuntpathway. Archaea can produce a secondary porphyria byinducing the enzyme heme oxygenase resulting in hemedepletion and activation of the enzyme ALA synthase.Porphyrins have been related to schizophrenia, metabolicsyndrome x, malignancy, systemic lupus erythematosis,multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s diseases. The roleof archaeal porphyrins in regulation of cell functionsand neuroimmunoendocrine integration is discussed.Porphyrins are prebiotic molecules which are involved inabiogenesis and origin of life.Methodology: Plasma from fasting heparinisedblood was used and the experimental protocol was asfollows (I) Plasma+phosphate buffered saline, (II) sameas I+cholesterol substrate, (III) same as II+rutile 0.1 mg/ml, (IV) same as II+ciprofloxacine and doxycycline eachin a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The following estimationswere carried out: Cytochrome F420, free RNA, free DNA,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, hydrogen peroxide,pyruvate, ammonia, glutamate, succinate, glycine, deltaaminolevulinic acid and digoxin. The study also involvedestimating the following parameters in the patientpopulation- Hexokinase, porphyrins, pyruvate, glutamate,ammonia, succinic acid, serine, glycine, HMG CoAreductase, cytochrome C, blood ATP and heme oxygenase.Results: Plasma of control subjects showed increasedlevels of the above mentioned parameters with afterincubation for 1 hour and addition of cholesterolsubstrate resulted in still further significant increase inthese parameters. The plasma of patients showed similarresults but the extent of increase was more. The additionof antibiotics to the control plasma caused a decreasein all the parameters while addition of rutile increasedtheir levels. The addition of antibiotics and rutile to thepatient’s plasma produced the same changes but theextent of change was more in patient’s sera as comparedto controls. There was upregulated archaeal porphyrinsynthesis in the patient population which was archaeal inorigin as indicated by actinide catalysis of the reactions.The cholesterol oxidase pathway generated pyruvatewhich entered the GABA shunt pathway. This resulted insynthesis of succinate and glycine which are substratesfor ALA synthase. The study showed the patient’s bloodhad increased heme oxygenase activity, increased serine,glycine, succinic acid and porphyrins. The hexokinaseactivity was high. The pyruvate, glutamate, ammonia,GABA and succinic acid levels were elevated indicatingblockade of PDH activity, and operation of the GABAshunt pathway. The cytoC levels were increased in theserum indicating mitochondrial dysfunction suggestedby low blood ATP levels. This was indicative of theWarburg’s phenotype. The HMG CoA reductase activitywas high indicating cholesterol synthesis.The RHCDpopulation had values similar to the patient population.The LHCD population had opposite values.Conclusion: An actinide dependent shadow biosphereof archaea and viroids in the above mentioned diseasestates is described. The archaeal porphyrins can contributeto the pathgenesis of metabolic syndrome x, malignancy,psychiatric disorders, autoimmune disease, AIDS, prion disease, neuronal degeneration and epileptogenesis.Archaeal porphyrin synthesis is crucial in the pathogenesisof these disorders. Porphyrins may serve as regulatorymolecules modulating immune, neural, endocrine,metabolic and genetic systems. The porphyrins photooxidationgenerated free radicals can produce immuneactivation, produce cell death, activate cell proliferation,produce insulin resistance and modulate conscious/quantal perception. Porphyrins can regulate hemisphericdominance. The archaeal porphyrins functions as keyregulatory molecules with mitochondrial benzodiazepinereceptors playing an important role. The role of porphyrinsin abiogenesis and origin of life as well as biologicaluniverse is discussed.Key words: Actinide; Archaea; Porphyrins; GABAshunt; Peripheral Benzodiazepine receptor; Deltaaminolevulinic acid |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
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