The urogenital system performs essential functions for life and reproduction in all vertebrate species. In humans, congenital malformations of the urogenital system rank among the most common birth defects and can cause life-threatening complications in adults. Therefore, understanding urogenital system…

Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD) is due to defects in any one of 13 PEX proteins, encoded by PEX genes, which are required for peroxisome biogenesis. ZSD features neurologic, hepatic and renal abnormalities; however, one common mutation, PEX1-p.Gly843Asp (G843D), confers a…

Thoracic radiotherapy, a common treatment modality for thoracic cancers, has pulmonary side-effects of either excessive inflammation (alveolitis), or pulmonary fibrosis consisting of uncontrolled deposition of collagen in the lungs, for which no cure exists. Prior knowledge, before radiotherapy, of patients…