In this work we study the effect of the glass substrate on the efficiencies of the different orders that propagate inside a transmission sinusoidal diffraction grating. Holographic optical elements are usually recorded on a photosensitive medium deposited on to a…

In order to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms of hologram formation and higher diffraction efficiencies in volume gratings stored in acrylamide based photopolymers, a crosslinker (N,N'methylene-bis-acrylamide) has been incorporated in the photopolymer to record holograms by pulsed laser…

The kinetics of photosensitive polymer holographic recording materials are examined assuming a material that exhibits nonideal kinetic behavior. Previously, a linear relationship between monomer concentration and polymerization was assumed when deriving the nonlocal polymer-driven diffusion (NPDD) model. This is consistent…

Cables are one of the common structures studied in a first-year engineering mechanics course (statics), since the flexible cable is one of the usual methods of supporting loads. For example, the suspension bridge has been used for many centuries and…

The asymptotic behaviours for small and large amplitudes, A, of the period for a nonlinear oscillator, where the square of the angular frequency depends quadratically on the velocity, are obtained. These asymptotic expressions are compared with the exact period, T(A),…

Despite its frequent use, there is little understanding of the concept of differential
among upper high school and undergraduate students of physics. As a first step to identify the origin of this situation and to revert it, we have done…

When aberrations are small, it is possible to use wave aberration variance to obtain the position of the best image plane in both conventional and holographic optical systems. However, when aberrations increase, this measurement is not sufficient and it does…

Obtaining holographic volume gratings with high diffraction efficiencies that can be used under white light has been a serious problem for the polyvinyl alcohol-acrylamide-based photopolymers developed by other researchers. In this paper we propose to eliminate the residual monomer in…

In this paper we present the theoretical analysis and experimental results of a holographic collimator made in silver halide sensitized gelatin. Diffraction efficiency up to 70% over the whole plate and wave aberration as low as 20-lambda in the maximum…

Kogelnik's coupled-wave (CW) theory has been used for decades to predict the diffraction efficiency of volume diffraction gratings. Although this theory has been applied with success to volume diffraction gratings recorded under a great variety of experimental conditions, its predictions…