The name of Penelope is related to πήνη, the woof of the web, and so to her role in the story as a weaver of cloth and a weaver of wiles.

For Plutarch, this is the moral quality of self-restraint, whether physical or mental, or personal or social, but it is out of place where intensity of feeling is called for.

Patristic writings of the third and fourth centuries sometimes attribute a theurgic power to liturgy, whether invested in words or in actions, but modify it by calling God’s response voluntary.

Finds of Byzantine gold coins in Dalmatia are few, except for coins of of Romanus III (1028-1034): these probably derive from the reported seizure of a gold shipment by Stefan Voislav in 1040.

Erasmus’ stay in Italy (1506-8) established his relationship with the Aldine Press and the Greeks of Venice and Padua, a crucial development in the dissemination of Greek texts and Greek studies as well as of his Adages.

The methods of oral poetry, converting history into myth and folklore, can be studied in contemporary Cretan bards, as illustrated in the improvised telling of the capture General Kreipke in 1944.

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