The Doppler effect is a phenomenon which relates the frequency of the harmonic waves generated by a moving source with the frequency measured by an observer moving with a different velocity from that of the source. The classical Doppler effect…

Obtaining holographic volume gratings with high diffraction efficiencies that can be used under white light has been a serious problem for the polyvinyl alcohol-acrylamide-based photopolymers developed by other researchers. In this paper we propose to eliminate the residual monomer in…

Bleached holograms are one of the most interesting techniques used to produce phase holograms of high quality on photographic emulsions. Of particular interest is the method of fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching. Using Kogelnik's coupled-wave theory we shall obtain information about the…

Kogelnik's coupled-wave (CW) theory has been used for decades to predict the diffraction efficiency of volume diffraction gratings. Although this theory has been applied with success to volume diffraction gratings recorded under a great variety of experimental conditions, its predictions…

We present three ways of treating the problem of fluid flow in a hollow cylinder. One method involves a differential equation, and the other two involve more physical insight. We discuss the relative advantages of each method., The following article…

Cables are one of the common structures studied in a first-year engineering mechanics course (statics), since the flexible cable is one of the usual methods of supporting loads. For example, the suspension bridge has been used for many centuries and…

The classical problem of deflection of a cantilever beam of linear elastic material, under the action of an uniformly distributed load along its length (its own weight) and an external vertical concentrated load at the free end, is experimentally and…

Photographic emulsions are still widely used to record holographic optical elements. In particular, if high diffraction efficiencies are needed, phase volume holograms are preferably recorded on these emulsions. Two particular techniques producing high-quality volume phase holograms are fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching…

The photopolymerization diffusion models give accurate comprehension of the mechanism of hologram formation inside photopolymer materials. Although several models have been proposed, these models share the common assumption that there is an interplay between the processes of monomer polymerization and…

The use of bleaching techniques is perhaps one of the most popular methods of creating phase holograms from holographic emulsions. In this paper we will study the influence of the different experimental conditions on the refractive index modulation created inside…

Accurate recording of computer-generated holograms (CGH) on a phase material is not a trivial task. The range of available phase materials is large, and their suitability depends on the fabrication technique chosen to produce the hologram. We are particularly interested…