We calculate the rate at which a target located at the cathode of a glow discharge is sputtered. The calculation involves two steps: (1) evaluation of the energy distribution functions of ions and neutrals impinging on the target; and (2)…

The present paper describes an optimized C++ library for the study of electromagnetics. The implementation is based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method for transient analysis, and the Finite Element Method for electrostatics. Both methods share the same core and are…

An analytical approximate technique for conservative nonlinear oscillators is proposed. This method is a modification of the generalized harmonic balance method in which analytical approximate solutions have rational form. This approach gives us not only a truly periodic solution but…

Photographic emulsions are still widely used to record holographic optical elements. In particular, if high diffraction efficiencies are needed, phase volume holograms are preferably recorded on these emulsions. Two particular techniques producing high-quality volume phase holograms are fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching…

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon which relates the frequency of the harmonic waves generated by a moving source with the frequency measured by an observer moving with a different velocity from that of the source. The classical Doppler effect…

An experimental apparatus was designed and built to allow students to carry out heat conduction experiments in hollow cylinders made of different materials, as well as to determine the thermal conductivity of these materials. The evolution of the temperature difference…

The first-order harmonic balance method via the first Fourier coefficient is used to construct two approximate frequency–amplitude relations for a conservative nonlinear oscillatory system in which the restoring force has an irrational form. This system corresponds to the motion of…

Accurate recording of computer-generated holograms (CGH) on a phase material is not a trivial task. The range of available phase materials is large, and their suitability depends on the fabrication technique chosen to produce the hologram. We are particularly interested…

An approximate scheme for obtaining the period of a simple pendulum for large-amplitude oscillations is analysed and discussed. When students express the exact frequency or the period of a simple pendulum as a function of the oscillation amplitude, and they…