In this paper we present the theoretical analysis and experimental results of a holographic collimator made in silver halide sensitized gelatin. Diffraction efficiency up to 70% over the whole plate and wave aberration as low as 20-lambda in the maximum…

Based on the results of the coupled-wave theory the diffraction efficiency is calculated for thick phase transmission holographic gratings taking into account the chemical processing of the recording material. Three effects of processing are considered: variations in the average refractive…

Obtaining holographic volume gratings with high diffraction efficiencies that can be used under white light has been a serious problem for the polyvinyl alcohol-acrylamide-based photopolymers developed by other researchers. In this paper we propose to eliminate the residual monomer in…

A new model to describe the influences of chemical processing on thick holograms is presented. The model is based on three hypotheses about the behaviour of holographic recording material during processing. Thickness variations and shear-type effects that are due to…

In order to achieve a better understanding of the mechanisms of hologram formation and higher diffraction efficiencies in volume gratings stored in acrylamide based photopolymers, a crosslinker (N,N'methylene-bis-acrylamide) has been incorporated in the photopolymer to record holograms by pulsed laser…

Kogelnik's coupled-wave (CW) theory has been used for decades to predict the diffraction efficiency of volume diffraction gratings. Although this theory has been applied with success to volume diffraction gratings recorded under a great variety of experimental conditions, its predictions…

The kinetics of photosensitive polymer holographic recording materials are examined assuming a material that exhibits nonideal kinetic behavior. Previously, a linear relationship between monomer concentration and polymerization was assumed when deriving the nonlocal polymer-driven diffusion (NPDD) model. This is consistent…

In recent years, holographic optical elements have been introduced in different applications such as high-density data storage, interconnections, spatial and temporal filters and three-dimensional displays. Simultaneously, more sensitive, efficient and durable holographic materials have been developed. Thus it is necessary…

Surfaces with radial structure do not fit well to squared detectors or sampling matrices. Cartesian grid sampling provides a different density of nodes in sectors. Zernike polynomials are a complete set of orthogonal polynomials defined on a unit disk often…

Videokeratometers and Scheimpflug cameras permit accurate estimation of corneal surfaces. From height data it is possible to adjust analytical surfaces that will be later used for aberration calculation. Zernike polynomials are often used as adjusting polynomials, but they have shown…